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Marine Science
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Ocean Upwelling: How Deep Water Reaches the Surface
Wind pushes surface water aside and cold, nutrient-rich deep water rises. See how upwelling works, where it occurs and why…
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Thermohaline Circulation: The Global Ocean Conveyor
Thermohaline circulation is the slow, global flow of ocean water driven by temperature and salt. Learn how it works, what…
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How Phytoplankton Influence Climate
Phytoplankton are microscopic, yet they absorb as much carbon as all land vegetation. Learn how the ocean biological carbon pump…
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Marine Science Basics for Understanding Ocean and Climate
A plain-language hub on marine science: how the ocean stores heat, takes up carbon, circulates water, and is changing through…
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Ocean Deoxygenation: Why Seawater Is Losing Oxygen
The ocean has lost 1-2% of its oxygen since the mid-20th century. Learn what drives ocean deoxygenation, where low-oxygen zones…
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Ocean Heat Content: How the Sea Stores Warming
Ocean heat content set another record in 2025, per a January 2026 analysis. Here is what it measures, how much…
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The Ocean Carbon Cycle Step by Step
A step-by-step walk through the ocean carbon cycle: how carbon dioxide enters the sea, how three pumps move it down,…
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What Causes Ocean Acidification?
Ocean acidification is driven mainly by the ocean absorbing carbon dioxide from fossil fuels, cement production and deforestation. Here is…